Series Hilchot Kiddush HaChodesh · Part 3 of 14

Chapter 8: Full and deficient months

פרק ח

Having shown how to calculate the molad, the Rambam turns to how the months are laid out in whole days. He explains why a month cannot begin partway through a day, and how the extra parts of each lunar month make some years richer in full months and others in deficient ones. He then gives the fixed order of full and deficient months, in which only Marcheshvan and Kislev vary, and closes with a simple way to tell whether a year's months are complete, deficient or in order from the weekdays of its Rosh Hashanah and the next.

Ordinary year 2, 3 or 4 days between
Rosh Hashanahdeficient חסריןin order כסדרןcomplete שלמים
Monday→ Thursday2 betweenבחגnever→ Shabbat4 betweenבשה
Tuesdaynever→ Shabbat3 betweenגכהnever
Thursdaynever→ Monday3 betweenהכז→ Tuesday4 betweenהשא
Shabbat→ Tuesday2 betweenזחאnever→ Thursday4 betweenזשג
Leap year 4, 5 or 6 days between
Rosh Hashanahdeficient חסריןin order כסדרןcomplete שלמים
Monday→ Shabbat4 betweenבחהnever→ Monday6 betweenבשז
Tuesdaynever→ Monday5 betweenגכזnever
Thursday→ Tuesday4 betweenהחאnever→ Thursday6 betweenהשג
Shabbat→ Thursday4 betweenזחגnever→ Shabbat6 betweenזשה
The signs of 8:10:
Every weekday Rosh Hashanah can fall on, against every order of the months. A filled cell is a year the calendar produces: it names the next Rosh Hashanah and the days between them, which is the rule of 8:7–8 applied. The empty cells are what the signs of 8:10 are describing — choose a sign to see its cells.

אחָדְשָׁהּ שֶׁל לְּבָנָה, תִּשְׁעָה וְעֶשְׂרִים יוֹם וּמֶחְצָה וַחֲלָקִים כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ.

1A lunar month is twenty-nine and a half days and some parts, as we explained [29 days, 12 hours and 793 parts (29:12:793)].

וְאִי אֶפְשָׁר לוֹמַר שֶׁרֹאשׁ הַחֹדֶשׁ יִהְיֶה בְּמִקְצַת הַיּוֹם, עַד שֶׁיִּהְיֶה מִקְצַת הַיּוֹם מֵחֹדֶשׁ שֶׁעָבַר וּמִקְצָתוֹ מֵהַבָּא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר "עַד חֹדֶשׁ יָמִים" (במדבר יא,כ) - מִפִּי הַשְּׁמוּעָה לָמְדוּ שֶׁיָּמִים אַתָּה מְחַשֵּׁב לְחֹדֶשׁ, וְאֵין אַתָּה מְחַשֵּׁב שָׁעוֹת.

It is impossible for the new month to begin partway through a day, so that part of the day belongs to the month that ended and part to the month that is beginning. For it says "until a month of days" (Numbers 11:20), and Oral tradition interpreted it: you count a month in days; you do not count it in hours.

בלְפִיכָךְ עוֹשִׂין חָדְשֵׁי הַלְּבָנָה, מֵהֶם חֹדֶשׁ חָסֵר תִּשְׁעָה וְעֶשְׂרִים יוֹם בִּלְבָד, וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁחָדְשָׁהּ שֶׁל לְּבָנָה יָתֵר עַל זֶה בְּשָׁעוֹת, וְחֹדֶשׁ מָלֵא מִשְּׁלוֹשִׁים יוֹם, וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁחָדְשָׁהּ שֶׁל לְּבָנָה פָּחוֹת מִזֶּה בְּשָׁעוֹת - כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא לְחַשֵּׁב בְּחֹדֶשׁ שָׁעוֹת, אֶלָא יָמִים שְׁלֵמִים.

2Therefore the lunar months are made in whole days. Some are deficient months of only twenty-nine days, even though the true lunar month is some hours longer. Others are full months of thirty days, even though the true lunar month is some hours shorter. This way a month is counted in whole days, never in hours.

גאִלּוּ הָיָה חָדְשָׁהּ שֶׁל לְּבָנָה תִּשְׁעָה וְעֶשְׂרִים וּמֶחְצָה בִּלְבָד, הָיוּ כָּל הַשָּׁנִים חֹדֶשׁ מָלֵא וְחֹדֶשׁ חָסֵר, וְהָיוּ יְמֵי שְׁנַת הַלְּבָנָה שְׁלוֹשׁ מֵאוֹת אַרְבָּעָה וַחֲמִשִּׁים יוֹם, שִׁשָּׁה חֳדָשִׁים חֲסֵרִים וְשִׁשָּׁה מְלֵאִים.

3If the lunar month were exactly twenty-nine and a half days, every year would simply alternate: one full month, one deficient month. The lunar year would be 354 days, six deficient months and six full ones.

אֲבָל מִפְּנֵי הַחֲלָקִים שֶׁיֵּשׁ בְּכָל חֹדֶשׁ וְחֹדֶשׁ יוֹתֵר עַל חֲצִי הַיּוֹם, יִתְקַבֵּץ מֵהֶן שָׁעוֹת וְיָמִים, עַד שֶׁיִּהְיוּ מִקְצַת הַשָּׁנִים חֳדָשִׁים חֲסֵרִים יוֹתֵר עַל הַמְּלֵאִים, וּבְמִקְצַת הַשָּׁנִים חֳדָשִׁים מְלֵאִים יוֹתֵר עַל הַחֲסֵרִים.

But each month runs a few parts beyond the half day, and these extra parts add up over time into hours and then into days. So in some years there are more deficient months than full ones, and in some years more full months than deficient ones.

0h12h24ha whole day0122436monthsone more full month+793 parts a month
Full and deficient months in turn average exactly 29½ days. Each lunar month runs 793 parts (44 minutes and 1 part) longer, and after about 33 months that has grown to a whole day, so some year gets one more full month.

דיוֹם שְׁלוֹשִׁים, לְעוֹלָם עוֹשִׂין אוֹתוֹ רֹאשׁ חֹדֶשׁ בְּחֶשְׁבּוֹן זֶה: אִם הָיָה הַחֹדֶשׁ שֶׁעָבַר חָסֵר - יִהְיֶה יוֹם שְׁלוֹשִׁים רֹאשׁ הַחֹדֶשׁ הַבָּא; וְאִם הָיָה הַחֹדֶשׁ שֶׁעָבַר מָלֵא - יִהְיֶה יוֹם שְׁלוֹשִׁים רֹאשׁ חֹדֶשׁ, הוֹאִיל וּמִקְצָתוֹ רֹאשׁ חֹדֶשׁ, וְיִהְיֶה תַּשְׁלוּם הַחֹדֶשׁ הַמָּלֵא שֶׁעָבַר, וְיִהְיֶה יוֹם אֶחָד וּשְׁלוֹשִׁים רֹאשׁ הַחֹדֶשׁ הַבָּא, וּמִמֶּנּוּ הוּא הַמִּנְיָן, וְהוּא יוֹם הַקְּבִיעָה.

4Under this calculation, the thirtieth day is always Rosh Chodesh. If the month that ended was deficient, the thirtieth day is Rosh Chodesh of the new month. If the month that ended was full, the thirtieth day is still made Rosh Chodesh, since part of that day already belongs to the new month; but the day itself completes the full month that ended. Then the thirty-first day is Rosh Chodesh of the new month. The new month is counted from the thirty-first day, and that is the day on which the month is fixed.

וּלְפִיכָךְ עוֹשִׂין רָאשֵׁי חֳדָשִׁים בְּחֶשְׁבּוֹן זֶה, חֹדֶשׁ אֶחָד יוֹם אֶחָד בִּלְבָד, וְחֹדֶשׁ אֶחָד שְׁנֵי יָמִים.

That is why, under this calculation, Rosh Chodesh is one day in some months and two days in others.

הסֵדֶר הֶחֳדָשִׁים הַמְּלֵאִים וְהַחֲסֵרִים לְפִי חֶשְׁבּוֹן זֶה, כָּךְ הוּא: תִּשְׁרֵי, לְעוֹלָם מָלֵא; וְחֹדֶשׁ טֵבֵת, לְעוֹלָם חָסֵר; וּמִטֵּבֵת וְאִלַּךְ, אֶחָד מָלֵא וְאֶחָד חָסֵר עַל הַסֵּדֶר.

5Under this calculation, the full and deficient months follow this order: Tishrei is always full, Teves is always deficient, and from Teves onward they alternate, one full and one deficient.

כֵּיצַד? טֵבֵת חָסֵר, שְׁבָט מָלֵא, אֲדָר חָסֵר, נִיסָן מָלֵא, אִיָּר חָסֵר, סִיוָן מָלֵא, תַּמּוּז חָסֵר, אָב מָלֵא, אֱלוּל חָסֵר. וּבַשָּׁנָה הַמְּעֻבֶּרֶת, אֲדָר רִאשׁוֹן מָלֵא, וַאֲדָר שֵׁנִי חָסֵר.

That is:

MonthLength
Tevesdeficient
Shevatfull
Adardeficient
Nisanfull
Iyardeficient
Sivanfull
Tammuzdeficient
Avfull
Eluldeficient
First Adar (leap year)full
Second Adar (leap year)deficient

ונִשְׁאֲרוּ שְׁנֵי הֶחֳדָשִׁים, שֶׁהֵן מַר-חֶשְׁוָן וְכִסְלֵו - פְּעָמִים יִהְיוּ שְׁנֵיהֶם מְלֵאִים, וּפְעָמִים יִהְיוּ שְׁנֵיהֶם חֲסֵרִים, וּפְעָמִים יִהְיֶה מַר-חֶשְׁוָן חָסֵר וְכִסְלֵו מָלֵא.

6That leaves two months, Marcheshvan and Kislev. Sometimes both are full, sometimes both are deficient, and sometimes Marcheshvan is deficient and Kislev full.

וְשָׁנָה שֶׁיִּהְיוּ בָּהּ שְׁנֵי חֳדָשִׁים אֵלּוּ מְלֵאִים, הִיא שֶׁנִּקְרְאוּ חֳדָשֶׁיהָ שְׁלֵמִים.

A year in which both of these months are full is called a year whose months are complete.

וְשָׁנָה שֶׁיִּהְיוּ בָּהּ שְׁנֵי חֳדָשִׁים אֵלּוּ חֲסֵרִים, נִקְרְאוּ חֳדָשֶׁיהָ חֲסֵרִין.

A year in which both are deficient is called a year whose months are deficient.

וְשָׁנָה שֶׁיִּהְיֶה בָּהּ מַר-חֶשְׁוָן חָסֵר וְכִסְלֵו מָלֵא, נִקְרְאוּ חֳדָשֶׁיהָ כְּסִדְרָן.

A year in which Marcheshvan is deficient and Kislev full is called a year whose months are in order.

  1. Tishrei30
  2. Cheshvan
  3. Kislev
  4. Teves29
  5. Shevat30
  6. Adar29
  7. First Adar30
  8. Second Adar29
  9. Nisan30
  10. Iyar29
  11. Sivan30
  12. Tammuz29
  13. Av30
  14. Elul29

Every month's length is fixed except Marcheshvan and Kislev: both deficient, one of each, or both full. Those two alone decide whether the year's months are deficient, in order or complete (8:6).

זדֶּרֶךְ יְדִיעַת הַשָּׁנָה אִם חֳדָשֶׁיהָ שְׁלֵמִים אוֹ חֲסֵרִין אוֹ כְּסִדְרָן, לְפִי חֶשְׁבּוֹן זֶה - כָּךְ הוּא: תֵּדַע תְּחִלָּה יוֹם שֶׁנִּקְבַּע בּוֹ רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה שֶׁתִּרְצֶה לֵידַע סִדּוּר חֳדָשֶׁיהָ, כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ בְּפֵרֶק שְׁבִיעִי; וְתֵדַע יוֹם שֶׁיִּקָּבַע בּוֹ רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה שֶׁלְּאַחֲרֶיהָ, וְתַחְשֹׁב מִנְיַן הַיָּמִים שֶׁבֵּינֵיהֶן חוּץ מִיּוֹם הַקְּבִיעָה שֶׁל זוֹ וְשֶׁל זוֹ.

7Here is how to tell, under this calculation, whether a year's months are complete, deficient, or in order. First find the weekday on which Rosh Hashanah of that year is fixed, as we explained in Chapter 7. Then find the weekday on which Rosh Hashanah of the following year will be fixed. Count the days between them, not counting either Rosh Hashanah day itself.

אִם תִּמְצָא בֵּינֵיהֶן שְׁנֵי יָמִים, יִהְיוּ חָדְשֵׁי הַשָּׁנָה חֲסֵרִין; וְאִם תִּמְצָא בֵּינֵיהֶם שְׁלוֹשָׁה יָמִים, יִהְיוּ כְּסִדְרָן; וְאִם תִּמְצָא בֵּינֵיהֶם אַרְבָּעָה, יִהְיוּ שְׁלֵמִים.

If there are two days between them, the year's months are deficient. If there are three, they are in order. If there are four, they are complete.

חבַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים? בְּשֶׁהָיְתָה הַשָּׁנָה שֶׁתִּרְצֶה לֵידַע סִדּוּר חֳדָשֶׁיהָ פְּשׁוּטָה.

8This applies when the year in question is an ordinary year.

אֲבָל אִם הָיְתָה מְעֻבֶּרֶת: אִם תִּמְצָא בֵּין יוֹם קְבִיעָתָהּ וּבֵין יוֹם קְבִיעַת שָׁנָה שֶׁלְּאַחֲרֶיהָ אַרְבָּעָה יָמִים, יִהְיוּ חָדְשֵׁי אוֹתָהּ הַשָּׁנָה הַמְּעֻבֶּרֶת חֲסֵרִים;

If it is a leap year: if there are four days between its Rosh Hashanah and the next year's Rosh Hashanah, the months of that leap year are deficient.

וְאִם תִּמְצָא בֵּינֵיהֶם חֲמִשָּׁה יָמִים, יִהְיוּ כְּסִדְרָן; וְאִם תִּמְצָא בֵּינֵיהֶם שִׁשָּׁה, יִהְיוּ שְׁלֵמִים.

If there are five days between them, they are in order. If there are six, they are complete.

טכֵּיצַד? הֲרֵי שֶׁרָצִינוּ לֵידַע סִדּוּר חָדְשֵׁי שָׁנָה זוֹ, וְהָיָה רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה בַּחֲמִישִׁי וְהִיא פְּשׁוּטָה, וְרֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה שֶׁלְּאַחֲרֶיהָ בְּשֵׁנִי בַּשַּׁבָּת; נִמְצָא בֵּינֵיהֶן שְׁלוֹשָׁה יָמִים, יָדַעְנוּ שֶׁשָּׁנָה זוֹ חֳדָשֶׁיהָ כְּסִדְרָן.

9For example: say we want to know the order of the months of this year. Its Rosh Hashanah fell on Thursday, it is an ordinary year, and next year's Rosh Hashanah falls on Monday. There are three days between them [Friday, Shabbat, Sunday], so we know this year's months are in order.

וְאִלּוּ הָיָה רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה שֶׁלְּאַחֲרֶיהָ בַּשְּׁלִישִׁי, הָיוּ חָדְשֵׁי שָׁנָה זוֹ שְׁלֵמִים.

If next year's Rosh Hashanah fell on Tuesday instead, this year's months would be complete.

וְאִלּוּ הָיָה רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה בְּשָׁנָה זוֹ בַּשַּׁבָּת, וּבַשָּׁנָה שֶׁלְּאַחֲרֶיהָ בַּשְּׁלִישִׁי בַּשַּׁבָּת, הָיוּ חָדְשֵׁי שָׁנָה זוֹ חֲסֵרִין.

If this year's Rosh Hashanah fell on Shabbat and next year's on Tuesday, this year's months would be deficient.

וְעַל דֶּרֶךְ זוֹ תַּחְשֹׁב לַשָּׁנָה הַמְּעֻבֶּרֶת, כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ.

Work out a leap year the same way, as we explained.

ייֵשׁ שָׁם סִימָנִין שֶׁתִּסְמֹךְ עֲלֵיהֶם כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא תִטְעֶה בְּחֶשְׁבּוֹן סִדּוּר חָדְשֵׁי הַשָּׁנָה, וְהֵן בְּנוּיִין עַל עִיקְרֵי זֶה הַחֶשְׁבּוֹן וְהַקְּבִיעוֹת וְהַדְּחִיּוֹת שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ דַּרְכָּם, וְאֵלּוּ הֵן:

10There are some signs you can rely on so as not to make a mistake in working out the order of a year's months. They follow from the principles of this calculation and from the fixings and postponements whose method we explained. They are:

כָּל שָׁנָה שֶׁיִּהְיֶה רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה בָּהּ בַּשְּׁלִישִׁי, תִּהְיֶה לְעוֹלָם כְּסִדְרָן לְפִי חֶשְׁבּוֹן זֶה, בֵּין פְּשׁוּטָה, בֵּין מְעֻבֶּרֶת.

Any year whose Rosh Hashanah falls on Tuesday is always in order under this calculation, whether it is an ordinary year or a leap year.

וְאִם יִהְיֶה רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה בַּשַּׁבָּת אוֹ בַּשְּׁנִי, לֹא תִהְיֶה כְּסִדְרָן לְעוֹלָם, בֵּין בִּפְשׁוּטָה, בֵּין בִּמְעֻבֶּרֶת.

If Rosh Hashanah falls on Shabbat or Monday, the year is never in order, whether ordinary or leap.

וְאִם יִהְיֶה רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה בַּחֲמִישִׁי: אִם פְּשׁוּטָה הִיא, אִי אֶפְשָׁר שֶׁיִּהְיוּ חֳדָשֶׁיהָ חֲסֵרִים לְפִי חֶשְׁבּוֹן זֶה, וְאִם מְעֻבֶּרֶת הִיא, אִי אֶפְשָׁר שֶׁיִּהְיוּ חֳדָשֶׁיהָ כְּסִדְרָן לְפִי חֶשְׁבּוֹן זֶה.

If Rosh Hashanah falls on Thursday: in an ordinary year its months cannot be deficient under this calculation, and in a leap year its months cannot be in order.